Wednesday, 9 December 2020

Transitive/intransitive verb pairs

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Subject: transitive/intransitive verb pairs
From: TAKASUGI Shinji (tssf.airnet.ne.jp)
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 2002 11:51:46 GMT
References: 1, 2, 3, 4



The rule is simple. The verb suru (to do) means transitivity, and the verb aru (to be) means intransitivity. They were attached to other verbs long ago to show transitivity and intransitivity. They are also related to the causative and passive forms.

ex.
-Ø vs. -as (-as came from su, the ancient form of suru):

-Ø-as
de-rudas-u
kawak-ukawakas-u
toke-rutokas-u



-Ø vs. -ar (-ar came from aru):

-Ø-ar
kae-rukawar-u
kime-rukimar-u
uke-ruukar-u



The suffix -(r)u is for the nonpast. In addition, the suffix -e is used to flip transitivity.

ex.
Transitive verbs to intransitive verbs:

-Ø-e
kezur-ukezure-ru
kir-ukire-ru
or-uore-ru



Intransitive verbs to transitive verbs:

-Ø-e
ak-uake-ru
susum-ususume-ru
tat-utate-ru



If a verb ends with -s-u, it is a transitive verb, whether or not it has a corresponding intransitive verb. A good example is koros-u. The -s is the same as -as, of course.

In a sense, the causative is more transitive than the transitive, and the passive is more intransitive than the intransitive. The causative suffix -(s)ase is closely related to the transitive suffix -as, and the passive suffix -(r)are is closely related to the intransitive suffix -ar.

These are findings of KANAYA Takehiro, a Japanese linguist at the University of Montreal.

The following is a list of transitive/intransitive verb pairs. Some of the verb pairs are a little irregular.

-Ø
(transitive)
-ar
(intransitive)
預ける (azuke-ru)預かる (azukar-u)
受ける (uke-ru)受かる (ukar-u)
かける (kake-ru)かかる (kakar-u)
授ける (sazuke-ru)授かる (sazukar-u)
負ける (make-ru)負かる (makar-u)
分ける (wake-ru)分かる (wakar-u)
上げる (age-ru)上がる (agar-u)
下げる (sage-ru)下がる (sagar-u)
つなげる (tunage-ru)つながる (tunagar-u)
広げる (hiroge-ru)広がる (hirogar-u)
曲げる (mage-ru)曲がる (magar-u)
混ぜる (maze-ru)混ざる (mazar-u)
捨てる (sute-ru)廃る (sutar-u)
茹でる (yude-ru)茹だる (yudar-u)
重ねる (kasane-ru)重なる (kasanar-u)
連ねる (turane-ru)連なる (turanar-u)
温める (atatame-ru)温まる (atatamar-u)
集める (atume-ru)集まる (atumar-u)
改める (aratame-ru)改まる (aratamar-u)
炒める (itame-ru)炒まる (itamar-u)
うずめる (uzume-ru)うずまる (uzumar-u)
埋める (ume-ru)埋まる (umar-u)
収める (osame-ru)収まる (osamar-u)
固める (katame-ru)固まる (katamar-u)
絡める (karame-ru)絡まる (karamar-u)
決める (kime-ru)決まる (kimar-u)
清める (kiyome-ru)清まる (kiyomar-u)
閉める (sime-ru)閉まる (simar-u)
すぼめる (subome-ru)すぼまる (subomar-u)
染める (some-ru)染まる (somar-u)
高める (takame-ru)高まる (takamar-u)
貯める (tame-ru)貯まる (tamar-u)
縮める (tidime-ru)縮まる (tidimar-u)
勤める (tutome-ru)勤まる (tutomar-u)
強める (tuyome-ru)強まる (tuyomar-u)
止める (tome-ru)止まる (tomar-u)
始める (hazime-ru)始まる (hazimar-u)
はめる (hame-ru)はまる (hamar-u)
広める (hirome-ru)広まる (hiromar-u)
まとめる (matome-ru)まとまる (matomar-u)
丸める (marume-ru)丸まる (marumar-u)
緩める (yurume-ru)緩まる (yurumar-u)
植える (ue-ru)植わる (uwar-u)
終える (oe-ru)終わる (owar-u)
変える (kae-ru)変わる (kawar-u)
据える (sue-ru)座る (suwar-u)
備える (sonae-ru)備わる (sonawar-u)
伝える (tutae-ru)伝わる (tutawar-u)
横たえる (yokotae-ru)横たわる (yokotawar-u)
加える (kuwae-ru)加わる (kuwawar-u)
教える (osie-ru)教わる (osowar-u)
舞う (maw-u)回る (mawar-u)
刺す (sas-u)刺さる (sasar-u)
塞ぐ (husag-u)塞がる (husagar-u)
くるむ (kurum-u)くるまる (kurumar-u)
こめる (kome-ru)こもる (komor-u)



-Ø
(transitive)
-e
(intransitive)
折る (or-u)折れる (ore-ru)
切る (kir-u)切れる (kire-ru)
破る (yabur-u)破れる (yabure-ru)
割る (war-u)割れる (ware-ru)
削る (kezur-u)削れる (kezure-ru)
擦る (sur-u)擦れる (sure-ru)
ほどく (hodok-u)ほどける (hodoke-ru)
解く (tok-u)解ける (toke-ru)
取る (tor-u)取れる (tore-ru)
撚る (yor-u)撚れる (yore-ru)
捻る (nezir-u)捻れる (nezire-ru)
釣る (tur-u)釣れる (ture-ru)
抜く (nuk-u)抜ける (nuke-ru)
裂く (sak-u)裂ける (sake-ru)
使う (tukaw-u)仕える (tukae-ru)
焼く (yak-u)焼ける (yake-ru)
張る (har-u)腫れる (hare-ru)
思う (omow-u)思える (omoe-ru)
知る (sir-u)知れる (sire-ru)
砕く (kudak-u)砕ける (kudake-ru)
欠く (kak-u)欠ける (kake-ru)
脱ぐ (nug-u)脱げる (nuge-ru)
売る (ur-u)売れる (ure-ru)
はじく (hazik-u)はじける (hazike-ru)
まくる (makur-u)まくれる (makure-ru)
めくる (mekur-u)めくれる (mekure-ru)
開く (hirak-u)開ける (hirake-ru)
聞く (kik-u)聞こえる (kikoe-ru)
見る (mi-ru)見える (mie-ru)
煮る (ni-ru)煮える (nie-ru)
炊く (tak-u)炊ける (take-ru)
えぐる (egur-u)えぐれる (egure-ru)
振るう (huruw-u)震える (hurue-ru)



-Ø
(intransitive)
-e
(transitive)
合う (aw-u)和える (ae-ru)
赤らむ (akaram-u)赤らめる (akarame-ru)
開く (ak-u)開ける (ake-ru)
痛む (itam-u)痛める (itame-ru)
入る (ir-u)入れる (ire-ru)
浮かぶ (ukab-u)浮かべる (ukabe-ru)
交う (kaw-u)換える (kae-ru)
絡む (karam-u)絡める (karame-ru)
込む (kom-u)込める (kome-ru)
沈む (sizum-u)沈める (sizume-ru)
従う (sitagaw-u)従える (sitagae-ru)
退く (sirizok-u)退ける (sirizoke-ru)
進む (susum-u)進める (susume-ru)
すぼむ (subom-u)すぼめる (subome-ru)
育つ (sodat-u)育てる (sodate-ru)
背く (somuk-u)背ける (somuke-ru)
揃う (sorow-u)揃える (soroe-ru)
平らぐ (tairag-u)平らげる (tairage-ru)
立つ (tat-u)立てる (tate-ru)
縮む (tidim-u)縮める (tidime-ru)
付く (tuk-u)付ける (tuke-ru)
続く (tuduk-u)続ける (tuduke-ru)
どく (dok-u)どける (doke-ru)
届く (todok-u)届ける (todoke-ru)
整う (totonow-u)整える (totonoe-ru)
ぬるむ (nurum-u)ぬるめる (nurume-ru)
のく (nok-u)のける (noke-ru)
向く (muk-u)向ける (muke-ru)
やむ (yam-u)やめる (yame-ru)
和らぐ (yawarag-u)和らげる (yawarage-ru)
緩む (yurum-u)緩める (yurume-ru)
延びる (nobi-ru)延べる (nobe-ru)
混じる (mazir-u)混ぜる (maze-ru)



-Ø
(intransitive)
-as
(transitive)
出る (de-ru)出す (das-u)
冷める (same-ru)冷ます (samas-u)
溶ける (toke-ru)溶かす (tokas-u)
生きる (iki-ru)生かす (ikas-u)
ふやける (huyake-ru)ふやかす (huyakas-u)
枯れる (kare-ru)枯らす (karas-u)
明ける (ake-ru)明かす (akas-u)
懲りる (kori-ru)懲らす (koras-u)
伸びる (nobi-ru)伸ばす (nobas-u)
慣れる (nare-ru)慣らす (naras-u)
揺れる (yure-ru)揺らす (yuras-u)
切れる (kire-ru)切らす (kiras-u)
こねる (kone-ru)こなす (konas-u)
逃げる (nige-ru)逃がす (nigas-u)
漏れる (more-ru)漏らす (moras-u)
焦げる (koge-ru)焦がす (kogas-u)
じれる (zire-ru)じらす (ziras-u)
ずれる (zure-ru)ずらす (zuras-u)
暮れる (kure-ru)暮らす (kuras-u)
満ちる (miti-ru)満たす (mitas-u)
晴れる (hare-ru)晴らす (haras-u)
ぼける (boke-ru)ぼかす (bokas-u)
負ける (make-ru)負かす (makas-u)
じゃれる (zyare-ru)じゃらす (zyaras-u)
震える (hurue-ru)震わす (huruwas-u)
遅れる (okure-ru)遅らす (okuras-u)
荒れる (are-ru)荒らす (aras-u)
飽きる (aki-ru)飽かす (akas-u)
冷える (hie-ru)冷やす (hiyas-u)
増える (hue-ru)増やす (huyas-u)
癒える (ie-ru)癒やす (iyas-u)
費える (tuie-ru)費やす (tuiyas-u)
肥える (koe-ru)肥やす (koyas-u)
燃える (moe-ru)燃やす (moyas-u)
起きる (oki-ru)起こす (okos-u)
落ちる (oti-ru)落とす (otos-u)
下りる (ori-ru)下ろす (oros-u)
干る (hi-ru)干す (hos-u)
消える (kie-ru)消す (kes-u)
越える (koe-ru)越す (kos-u)
緩む (yurum-u)許す (yurus-u)
寝る (ne-ru)寝かす (nekas-u)
汚れる (yogore-ru)汚す (yogos-u)
壊れる (koware-ru)壊す (kowas-u)
隠れる (kakure-ru)隠す (kakus-u)
崩れる (kuzure-ru)崩す (kuzus-u)
倒れる (taore-ru)倒す (taos-u)
離れる (hanare-ru)離す (hanas-u)
現れる (araware-ru)現す (arawas-u)
流れる (nagare-ru)流す (nagas-u)
ほぐれる (hogure-ru)ほぐす (hogus-u)
穢れる (kegare-ru)穢す (kegas-u)
逃れる (nogare-ru)逃す (nogas-u)
乱れる (midare-ru)乱す (midas-u)
乾く (kawak-u)乾かす (kawakas-u)
照る (ter-u)照らす (teras-u)
交う (kaw-u)交わす (kawas-u)
飛ぶ (tob-u)飛ばす (tobas-u)
動く (ugok-u)動かす (ugokas-u)
凝る (kor-u)凝らす (koras-u)
舞う (maw-u)回す (mawas-u)
沸く (wak-u)沸かす (wakas-u)
鳴る (nar-u)鳴らす (naras-u)
脱ぐ (nug-u)脱がす (nugas-u)
浮く (uk-u)浮かす (ukas-u)
及ぶ (oyob-u)及ぼす (oyobos-u)
散る (tir-u)散らす (tiras-u)
尽く (tuk-u)尽かす (tukas-u)
成る (nar-u)成す (nas-u)
通る (toor-u)通す (toos-u)
直る (naor-u)直す (naos-u)
返る (kaer-u)返す (kaes-u)
残る (nokor-u)残す (nokos-u)
来る (kitar-u)来す (kitas-u)
浸る (hitar-u)浸す (hitas-u)
被る (kabur-u)被す (kabus-u)
散らかる (tirakar-u)散らかす (tirakas-u)
乗る (nor-u)乗す (nos-u)
寄る (yor-u)寄す (yos-u)
足る (tar-u)足す (tas-u)
濁る (nigor-u)濁す (nigos-u)
戻る (modor-u)戻す (modos-u)
借る (kar-u)貸す (kas-u)


Having a flexible word order and allowing object omission, Japanese needs to show transitivity lexically. On the other hand, having a fixed word order and prohibiting object omission, English shows transitivity syntactically. English transitive/intransitive verb pairs are listed below.

intransitivetransitive
drinkdrench
fallfell
lielay
riseraise
sitset





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Japanese Verbs - Transitive and Intransitive Pairs

Japanese Verbs - Transitive and Intransitive Pairs

A better and later version of this page can be found at: http://www.sljfaq.org/w/transitive_and_intransitive_verbs.

This page has been derived from several sources:

  1. the material on the page of transitive/intransitive verb pairs prepared by Shinji Takasugi.
  2. additional verb pairs listed in William McClure's excellent book: "Using Japanese" (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000)
  3. verbs from the list in Ben Bullock's Alternative SLJ FAQ.
  4. verb pairs suggested by the good people at the sci.lang.japan Usenet newsgroup.

The verbs have been matched against the EDICT file.

The first table has verbs where the transitive/intransitive pair are related by an eru-aru pattern (ける→かる, げる→がる, etc.) A few at the end are not quite regular in this formation.

TRANSITIVEINTRANSITIVE
預ける [あずける]
(v1,vt) to give into custody; to leave (a child) in the care of; to entrust; to deposit
預かる [あずかる]
(v5r,vt) to keep in custody; to receive on deposit; to take charge of {NB: this allocation to Intransitive by Takasugi is dubious.}
受ける [うける]
(v1) to undertake; to accept; to take (lesson, test, damage); to undergo; to experience; to catch (e.g. a ball); to become popular
受かる [うかる]
(v5r) to pass (examination)
掛ける [かける]
(aux-v,v1) (1) to wear; to put on; to hang; to cover; (2) to sit down; (3) to make a phone call; (4) to multiply; (5) to turn on (a switch); to play (a record); (6) to begin to; (7) to pour (water)
掛かる [かかる]
(v5r,vi) to take (e.g. time, money, etc); to hang
授ける [さずける]
(v1) to grant; to award; to teach
授かる [さずかる]
(v5r) to be gifted; to be awarded
挙げる [あげる]
(v1) (1) to raise; to fly; (2) to give (an example)
挙がる [あがる]
(v5r) to become prosperous; to be captured
揚げる [あげる]
(v1) to lift; to fly
揚がる [あがる]
(v5r) to rise
空ける [あける]
(v1,vt) to empty
also 開ける
空く [あく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty; (2) to be less crowded
also 開く
片付ける [かたづける]
(v1,vt) (1) to tidy up; to put in order; to straighten up; to put away; (2) to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); (3) to finish; to bring something to an end; (4) to marry off (e.g. a daughter); (5) to do away with someone; to bump someone off
片付く [かたづく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to be put in order; to be put to rights; (2) to be disposed of; to be solved; (3) to be finished; (4) to be married (off)
負ける [まける]
(v1) to lose; to be defeated
負かす [まかす]
(v5s) to defeat
分ける [わける]
(v1) to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between)
分かる [わかる]
(v5r) (1) to understand; to grasp; (2) to know; to realize; to realise
上げる [あげる]
(v1) to give; to raise; to elevate; to fly (kites); to praise; to increase; to advance; to promote; to vomit; to usher in; to admit; to send (to school); to offer; to present; to leave with; to finish; to arrange (expenses); to observe; to perform; to quote; to mention; to bear (a child); to improve (talents); to do up (the hair); to arrest; to engage; to fry; (rains) to stop
上がる [あがる]
(v5r) (1) to enter; to go up; to rise; to climb up; to advance; to appreciate; to be promoted; to improve; to call on; to be offered; to accrue; (2) to be finished; to go bankrupt; to be caught; to let up (rain); (3) to weaken (as a battery); (4) to get ruffled
下げる [さげる]
(v1) to hang; to lower; to move back; to wear; to dismiss; to grant
下がる [さがる]
(v5r) to hang down; to abate; to retire; to fall; to step back
繋げる [つなげる]
(v1) to connect
also 繋ぐ [つなぐ]
繋がる [つながる]
(v5r) to be tied together; to be connected to; to be related to
広げる [ひろげる]
(v1) to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden; to unfold; to open; to unroll
広がる [ひろがる]
(v5r) to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around
曲げる [まげる]
(v1) to bend; to crook; to lean
曲がる [まがる]
(v5r) to turn; to bend
混ぜる [まぜる]
(v1) to mix; to stir
混ざる [まざる]
(v5r,vi) to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join
捨てる [すてる]
(v1) to throw away; to cast aside; to abandon; to resign
廃る [すたる]
(v5r) to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion
当てる [あてる]
(v1) (1) to hit; (2) to expose; (3) to apply (e.g. patch); (4) to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); (5) to guess (an answer); (6) to make a hit (e.g. in a lottery)
当たる [あたる]
(v5r) to be hit; to be successful; to face (confront); to lie (in the direction of); to undertake; to treat; to be equivalent to; to apply to; to be applicable; to be assigned
茹でる [ゆでる]
(v1) to boil
茹だる [うだる]
(v5r,vi) (1) to boil; to seethe; (2) to be oppressed by heat
重ねる [かさねる]
(v1) to pile up; to put something on another; to heap up; to add; to repeat
重なる [かさなる]
to be piled up; lie on top of one another; overlap each other
連ねる [つらねる]
(v1) to link; to join; to put together
連なる [つらなる]
(v5r) to extend; to stretch out; to stand in a row
温める [あたためる]
(v1) to warm; to heat
温まる [あたたまる]
(v5r) to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm
集める [あつめる]
(v1,vt) to collect; to assemble
集まる [あつまる]
(v5r,vi) to gather; to collect; to assemble
改める [あらためる]
(v1) to change; to alter; to reform; to revise
改まる [あらたまる]
(v5r) (1) to be renewed; (2) to stand on ceremony; to be formal; (3) to take a turn for the worse
炒める [いためる]
(v1) to stir-fry
炒まる [いたまる]
(v5r) to be sauteed in oil
填める [うずめる]
(v1) to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)
埋まる [うずまる]
(v5r) to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled
埋める [うずめる]
(v1) to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)
埋まる [うずまる]
(v5r) to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled
収める [おさめる]
(v1) to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept
収まる [おさまる]
(v5r) (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered
治める [おさめる]
(v1) (1) to govern; to manage; (2) to subdue
治まる [おさまる]
(v5r) to be at peace; to clamp down; to lessen (storm, terror, anger)
修める [おさめる]
(v1) (1) to study; to complete (a course); to cultivate; to master; (2) to order (one's life); (3) to repair (a fault one has committed)
修まる [おさまる]
(v5r) to govern oneself; to conduct oneself well
納める [おさめる]
(v1) to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept
納まる [おさまる]
(v5r) (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered
固める [かためる]
(v1,vt) to harden; to freeze; to fortify
固まる [かたまる]
(v5r,vi) to harden; to solidify; to become firm; to become certain
絡める [からめる]
(v1) (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)
絡まる [からまる]
(v5r) to be entwined; to be involved
also 絡む [からむ] (v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with
決める [きめる]
(v1) to decide
決まる [きまる]
(v5r) (1) to be decided; to be settled; (2) to look good in (clothes)
清める [きよめる]
(v1) to purify; to cleanse; to exorcise
清まる [きよまる]
(v5r) to be purified; to be cleansed
閉める [しめる]
(v1,vt) to close; to shut
閉まる [しまる]
(v5r,vi) to close; to be closed
窄める [すぼめる]
(v1) to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)
窄まる [すぼまる]
(v5r) to get narrower; to contract
染める [そめる]
(v1) to dye; to colour; to color
染まる [そまる]
(v5r) to dye
高める [たかめる]
(v1) to raise; to lift; to boost
高まる [たかまる]
(v5r) to rise; to swell; to be promoted
定める [さだめる]
(v1) to decide; to establish; to determine
定まる [さだまる]
(v5r) to become settled; to be fixed
貯める [ためる]
(v1) to save (i.e. in a bank)
貯まる [たまる]
(v5r) to be saved (e.g. money)
溜める [ためる]
(v1) to amass; to accumulate
溜まる [たまる]
(v5r) to collect; to gather; to save
縮める [ちぢめる]
(v1) to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink
縮まる [ちぢまる]
(v5r) to be shortened; to be contracted; to shrink
勤める [つとめる]
(v1) (1) to serve; to fill a post; to serve under; to work (for); (2) to exert oneself; to endeavor; to endeavour; to be diligent; (3) to play (the part of)
勤まる [つとまる]
(v5r) to be fit for; to be equal to; to function properly
強める [つよめる]
(v1) to strengthen; to emphasize; to emphasise
強まる [つよまる]
(v5r) to get strong; to gain strength
止める [とどめる]
(v1) to stop; to cease; to put an end to
止まる [とどまる]
(v5r) (1) to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); (2) to come to a halt; (3) to stop
始める [はじめる]
(v1,vt) to start; to begin
始まる [はじまる]
(v5r,vi) to begin
嵌める [はめる]
(v1) (1) (col) to get in; to insert; to put on; (2) to make love
嵌まる [はまる]
(oK) (v5r) to get into; to go into; to fit; to be fit for; to suit; to fall into; to plunge into; to be deceived; to be taken in; to fall into a trap; to be addicted to; to be deep into
広める [ひろめる]
(v1) to broaden; to propagate
広まる [ひろまる]
(v5r) to spread; to be propagated
纏める [まとめる]
(v1,vt) to put in order; to collect; to bring to a conclusion
纏まる [まとまる]
(v5r) to be collected; to be settled; to be in order
丸める [まるめる]
(v1) to make round; to round off; to roll up; to curl up; to seduce; to cajole; to explain away
丸まる [まるまる]
(v5r) to become rounded; to roll into a ball
緩める [ゆるめる]
(v1) to loosen; to slow down
緩まる [ゆるまる]
((v5r) to become loose; to slacken; to soften
暖める,温める [あたためる]
(v1) to warm; to heat
暖まる,温まる [あたたまる]
(v5r) to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm
泊める [とめる]
(v1) to give shelter to; to lodge
泊まる [とまる]
(v5r) to stay at (e.g. hotel)
極める,窮める,究める [きわめる]
(v1) (1) to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; (2) to investigate thoroughly; to master
極まる,窮まる [きわまる]
(v5r) to terminate; to reach an extreme; to be in a dilemma; to be at an end
静める,鎮める [しずめる]
(v1,vt) to appease; to suppress; to calm
静まる,鎮まる [しずまる]
(v5r) to quieten down; to calm down; to subside; to die down; to abate; to be suppressed
締める [しめる]
(v1) to tie; to fasten
締まる [しまる]
(v5r) to be shut; to be locked; to become sober
絞める [しめる]
(v1) to strangle; to constrict
絞まる [しまる]
(v5r) to be strangled; to be constricted
狭める [せばめる]
(v1,vt) to narrow; to reduce; to contract
狭まる [せばまる]
(v5r,vi) to narrow; to contract
助ける,輔ける,救ける,扶ける [たすける]
(v1) to help; to save; to rescue; to give relief to; to spare (life); to reinforce; to promote; to abet
助かる [たすかる]
(v5r) to be saved; to be rescued; to survive; to be helpful
見付ける [みつける]
(v1) to be familiar; to discover; to find fault; to detect; to find out; to locate
見付かる [みつかる]
(v5r) (uk) to be found; to be discovered
漬ける [つける]
(v1) to soak; to moisten; to pickle
漬かる [つかる]
(v5r) (1) to be pickled; to be well seasoned; (2) to be submerged; to be soaked
植える [うえる]
(v1) to plant; to grow
植わる [うわる]
(v5r) to be planted
終える [おえる]
(v1) to finish
終わる [おわる]
(v5r) to finish; to close
変える [かえる]
(v1,vt) to change; to alter; to vary; to convert; to revise; to amend
変わる [かわる]
(v5r,vi) to change; to be transformed; to vary; to be revised; to be different; to move location
換える [かえる]
(v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace
換わる [かわる]
(v5r,vi) to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced
替える,代える [かえる]
(v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace
替わる,代わる [かわる]
(v5r,vi) to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced
据える [すえる]
(v1) to set (table); to lay (foundation); to place (gun); to apply (moxa)
座る [すわる]
(v5r) to sit; to squat
備える [そなえる]
(v1) (1) to furnish; to provide for; to equip; to install; (2) to have ready; to prepare for; (3) to possess; to have; to be endowed with; to be armed with
備わる [そなわる]
(v5r) (1) to be furnished with; to be endowed with; (2) to be among; to be one of; to be possessed of
伝える [つたえる]
(v1) to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
伝わる [つたわる]
(v5r) to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
横たえる [よこたえる]
(v1) to lie down; to lay (oneself) down
横たわる [よこたわる]
(v5r) to lie down; to stretch out
加える [くわえる]
(v1) to append; to sum up; to add (up); to include; to increase; to inflict
加わる [くわわる]
(v5r) to join in; to accede to; to increase; to gain in (influence)
教える [おしえる]
(v1) to teach; to inform; to instruct
教わる [おそわる]
(v5r) to be taught
舞う [まう]
(v5u,vi) to dance; to flutter about; to revolve
回る [まわる]
(v5r) (1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places
刺す [さす]
(v5s) to pierce; to stab; to prick; to thrust; to bite; to sting; to pin down; to stitch; to put (a runner) out; to pole (a boat); to catch (with a line); to stick
刺さる [ささる]
(v5r) to stick; to be stuck
塞ぐ [ふさぐ]
(v5g,vt) to stop up; to close up; to block (up); to occupy; to fill up; to take up; to stand in another's way; to plug up; to shut up
塞がる [ふさがる]
(v5r,vi) to be plugged up; to be shut up
磨ぐ/研ぐ [とぐ]
(v5g) to sharpen; to grind; to scour; to hone; to polish; to wash (rice)
尖る [とがる]
(v5r) to taper to a point; to become sharp; to be sour; to look displeased
包む [くるむ]
(v5m) to be engulfed in; to be enveloped by; to wrap up; to tuck in; to pack; to do up; to cover with; to dress in; to conceal
包まる [くるまる]
(v5r) to be wrapped up (e.g. in a blanket); to cover oneself
込める [こめる]
(v1) to include; to put into
籠もる [こもる]
(v5r) to seclude oneself; to be confined in; to be implied; to be stuffy

The next table has verbs where the transitive/intransitive pair are related by an u-eru pattern (る→れる, く→ける, etc.) Again a few at the end are not quite regular in this formation.

TRANSITIVEINTRANSITIVE
折る [おる]
(v5r) to break; to fold; to pick flower
折れる [おれる]
(v1,vi,vt) to break; to be folded; to give in; to turn (a corner)
切る [きる]
(suf,v5r) to cut; to chop; to hash; to carve; to saw; to clip; to shear; to slice; to strip; to fell; to cut down; to punch; to sever (connections); to pause; to break off; to disconnect; to turn off; to hang up; to cross (a street); to discount; to sell below cost; to shake (water) off; to finish; to be through; to complete
切れる [きれる]
(v1) (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind
破る [やぶる]
(v5r,vt) to tear; to violate; to defeat; to smash; to destroy
破れる [やぶれる]
(v1) to get torn; to wear out
割る [わる]
(v5r) to divide; to cut; to break; to halve; to separate; to split; to rip; to crack; to smash; to dilute
割れる [われる]
(v1,vi) to break; to split; to cleave; to fissure; to be smashed; to crack; to be torn
削る [けずる]
(v5r) (1) to shave (wood or leather); to sharpen; to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; (2) to cross out; to reduce; to curtail; to remove; to erase
削れる [けずれる]
(v5r) to be shaved or planed
擦る [かする]
(v5r) to touch lightly; to take a percentage (from)
擦れる [すれる]
(v1) to rub; to chafe; to wear; to become sophisticated
解く [ほどく]
(v5k) to unfasten
解ける [ほどける]
(v1) to come untied; to come apart
解く [とく]
(v5k) to solve; to answer; to untie
解ける [とける]
(v1) (1) to loosen; to come untied; (2) to be solved; (3) to be removed; to be cleared
取る [とる]
(v5r) to take; to pick up; to harvest; to earn; to choose
取れる [とれる]
(v1) to come off; to be taken off; to be removed; to be obtained; to leave; to come out (e.g. photo); to be interpreted
撚る [よる]
(v5r) to twist (yarn); to lay (rope)
縒れる [よれる]
(v1) to get twisted; to get kinked
捻る (捻じる) [ねじる]
(v5r) (1) to screw; to twist; (2) to distort; (3) to torture; to wrest
捻れる [ねじれる]
(v1) to twist; to wrench; to screw
釣る [つる]
(v5r) to fish
釣れる [つれる]
(v1) to be fished
抜く [ぬく]
(v5k) (1) to extract; to omit; to surpass; to overtake; to draw out; to unplug; (2) (suf) to do something to the end
抜ける [ぬける]
(v1) to come out; to fall out; to be omitted; to be missing; to escape
裂く [さく]
(v5k) to tear; to split
裂ける [さける]
(v1) to split; to tear; to burst
割く [さく]
(v5k) to cut up; to separate; to spare (e.g. time); to cleave; to sever; to divide; to cede; to alienate
割ける [さける]
(v1) to be separated; to be divided
使う [つかう]
(v5u) to use; to handle; to manipulate; to employ; to need; to want; to spend; to consume; to speak (English); to practise (fencing); to practice (fencing); to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money)
仕える [つかえる]
(v1) to serve; to work for
焼く [やく]
(v5k) to bake; to grill
焼ける [やける]
(v1,vi) to burn; to be roasted; to be sunburnt
張る [はる]
(v5r,vi,vt) to stick; to paste; to put; to affix; to stretch; to spread; to strain; to stick out; to slap; to be expensive; to tighten
腫れる [はれる]
(v1) to swell (from inflammation); to become swollen
思う [おもう]
(v5u) to think; to feel
思える [おもえる]
(v1) to seem; to appear likely
知る [しる]
(v5r) to know; to understand; to be acquainted with; to feel
知れる [しれる]
(v1) to become known; to come to light; to be discovered
砕く [くだく]
(v5k,vt) to break; to smash
砕ける [くだける]
(v1,vi) to break; to be broken
欠く [かく]
(v5k) to lack; to break; to crack; to chip
欠ける [かける]
(v1) to be lacking
脱ぐ [ぬぐ]
(v5g) to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress
脱げる [ぬげる]
(v1) to come off; to slip down; to slip off
売る [うる]
(v5r) to sell
売れる [うれる]
(v1) to be sold
弾く [はじく]
(v5k) to flip; to snap
弾ける [はじける]
(v1) to burst open; to split open; to pop
捲る [まくる]
(suf,v5r) (1) to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); (2) verb suffix to indicate reckless abandon to the activity
捲れる [まくれる]
(v1) to be (get) turned up (inside out)
捲る [めくる]
(v5r) to turn over; to turn pages of a book; to tear off; to strip off
捲れる [まくれる]
(v1) to be (get) turned up (inside out)
分ける [わける]
(v1) to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between)
分かれる [わかれる]
(v1) to branch off; to diverge from; to fork; to split; to dispense; to scatter; to divide into
開く [あく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty
開ける [あける]
(v1) to open
聞く [きく]
(v5k) (1) to hear; to listen; (2) to ask
聞こえる [きこえる]
(v1) (1) to be heard; to be audible; (2) to be said to be; to be reputed
見る [みる]
(v1) (1) to see; to watch; (2) (as an auxiliary verb) to try
見える [みえる]
(v1) to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to appear
煮る [にる]
(v1,vt) to boil; to cook
煮える [にえる]
(v1,vi) to boil; to cook; to be cooked
炊く [たく]
(v5k) to boil; to cook
炊ける [たける]
(v1) to be boiled; to be cooked; to be done; to be ready
刳る [えぐる]
(v5r) to gouge; to hollow out; to bore; to excavate; to scoop out
刳れる [えぐれる]
(v1) to be gouged; to be hollowed
振るう [ふるう]
(v5u) to flourish; to prosper; to thrive
震える [ふるえる]
(v1) to shiver; to shake; to quake

In the next table the direction changes, and the intransitive/transitive pair are related by the u-eru pattern (む→める, く→ける, etc.)

INTRANSITIVETRANSITIVE
合う [あう]
(v5u) to fit; to suit; to agree with; to match; to be correct; to be profitable
和える [あえる]
(v1) to dress vegetables (salad)
赤らむ [あからむ]
(v5m) to become red; to redden; to blush
赤らめる [あからめる]
(v1) to blush; to redden
傷む [いたむ]
(v5m) to be damaged; to go bad
傷める [いためる]
(v1) to damage; to impair; to spoil
痛む [いたむ]
(v5m) to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured
痛める [いためる]
(v1) to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over
開く [あく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty
開ける [あける]
(v1) to open
点く [つく]
(v5k) (1) to catch fire; (2) to be lit, e.g. electricity comes on; to be lighted
点ける [つける]
(v1) (uk) to turn on; to switch on; to light up
痛む [いたむ]
(v5m) to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured
痛める [いためる]
(v1) to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over
入る [いる]
(v5r) to get in; to go in; to come in; to flow into; to set; to set in
入れる [いれる]
(v1) to put in; to take in; to bring in; to let in; to admit; to introduce; to commit (to prison); to usher in; to insert; to set (jewels); to employ; to listen to; to tolerate; to comprehend; to include; to pay (interest); to cast (votes)
浮かぶ [うかぶ]
(v5b) to float; to rise to surface; to come to mind
浮かべる [うかべる]
(v1) to float; to express; to look (sad, glad)
交う [かう] ; (v5u) to take turns; to mingle together換える [かえる]
(v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace
絡む [からむ]
(v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with
絡める [からめる]
(v1) (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)
込む [こむ]
(v5m) (1) to be crowded; (2) to go inside (usu. only when used in compound verbs)
込める [こめる]
(v1) to include; to put into
沈む [しずむ]
(v5m) to sink; to feel depressed
沈める [しずめる]
(v1,vt) to sink; to submerge
従う [したがう]
(v5u) to abide (by the rules); to obey; to follow; to accompany
従える [したがえる]
(v1) (1) to be accompanied by; (2) to subdue
退く [しりぞく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw; (2) to retire
退ける [しりぞける]
(v1,vt) to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
進む [すすむ]
(v5m,vi) to make progress; to advance; to improve
進める [すすめる]
(v1,vt) to advance; to promote; to hasten
窄む [すぼむ]
(v5m) to get narrower; to contract
窄める [すぼめる]
(v1) to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)
育つ [そだつ]
(v5t,vi) to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
育てる [そだてる]
(v1,vt) to raise; to rear; to bring up
建つ [たつ]
(v5t) to erect; to be erected; to be built
建てる [たてる]
(v1) to build; to construc
背く [そむく]
(v5k) to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe
背ける [そむける]
(v1) to turn one's face away; to avert one's eyes
揃う [そろう]
(v5u) to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather
揃える [そろえる]
(v1) to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready
揃う [そろう]
(v5u) to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather
揃える [そろえる]
(v1) to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready
平らぐ [たいらぐ]
(v5g) to be suppressed
平らげる [たいらげる]
(v1) to subjugate; to put down (trouble); to consume (food); to eat up
立つ [たつ]
(v5t) to stand
立てる [たてる]
(v1) to stand (something) up; to erect (something)
縮む [ちぢむ]
(v5m) to shrink; to be contracted
縮める [ちぢめる]
(v1) to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink
付く [つく]
(v5k,vi) to adjoin; to be attached; to adhere; to be connected with; to be dyed; to be stained; to be scarred; to be recorded; to start (fires); to follow; to become allied to; to accompany; to study with; to increase; to be added to
付ける [つける]
(v1,vt) (1) to attach; to join; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); (2) to furnish (a house with); (3) to wear; to put on; (4) to keep a diary; to make an entry; (5) to appraise; to set (a price); (6) to bring alongside; (7) to place (under guard or doctor); (8) to follow; to shadow; (9) to load; to give (courage to); (10) to keep (an eye on); (11) to establish (relations or understanding)
続く [つづく]
(v5k,vi) to be continued
続ける [つづける]
(v1,vt) to continue; to keep up; to keep on
退く [どく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw
退ける [どける]
(v1) to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way
届く [とどく]
(v5k,vi) to reach
届ける [とどける]
(v1) to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to file notice (to the authorities)
整う [ととのう]
(v5u) to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be arranged
整える [ととのえる]
(v1) (1) to put in order; to arrange; to adjust; (2) to get ready; to prepare; (3) to raise money
間違う [まちがう]
(v5u) to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
間違える [まちがえる]
(v1) to err; to make a mistake
温む [ぬるむ]
(v5m) to cool off; to become tepid
温める [ぬるめる]
(v1) to cool something down (e.g. by adding water)
退く [のく]
(v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw
退ける [のける]
(v1) to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way
向く [むく]
(v5k) (1) to face; (2) to turn toward; (3) to be suited to; to be fit for
向かう [むかう]
(v5u) (1) to face; (2) to go towards
向ける [むける]
(v1) to turn towards; to point
止む [やむ]
(v5m,vi) to cease; to stop; to be over
止める [やめる]
(v1,vt) to end; to stop; to cease; to resign
苦しむ [くるしむ]
(v5m) to suffer; to groan; to be worried
苦しめる [くるしめる]
(v1) to torment; to harass; to inflict pain
和らぐ [やわらぐ]
(v5g) to soften; to calm down; to be mitigated
和らげる [やわらげる]
(v1) to soften; to moderate; to relieve
緩む [ゆるむ]
(v5m) to become loose; to slacken
緩める [ゆるめる]
(v1) to loosen; to slow down
竦む [すくむ]
(v5m) to cower; to be cramped
竦める [すくめる]
(v1) to shrug (shoulders); to duck (head); to draw back (body)
並ぶ [ならぶ]
(v5b,vi) to line up; to stand in a line
並べる [ならべる]
(v1,vt) to line up; to set up
延びる [のびる]
(v1,vi) (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted; (6) to be postponed; to be prolonged
延べる [のべる]
(v1) to make (bed); to stretch; to widen
混じる [まじる]
(v5r,vi) to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest; to join
混ぜる [まぜる]
(v1) to mix; to stir

In the next table the transitive verbs all end in す. Many of these see an intransitive/transitive pattern of eru-asu: (ける→かす, れる→らす etc.)

INTRANSITIVETRANSITIVE
出る [でる]
(v1) to appear; to come forth; to leave
出す [だす]
(v5s) (1) to take out; to get out; (2) to put out; (3) to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; (4) to publish; to make public; (5) to send (e.g. letter); to start (fire)
冷める [さめる]
(v1) to become cool; to wear off; to abate; to subside; to dampen; to cool down (interest); to come down (fever)
冷ます [さます]
(v5s,vt) to cool; to dampen; to let cool; to throw a damper on; to spoil
覚める,醒める [さめる]
to wake; to wake up
覚ます,醒ます [さます]
(v5s) (1) to awaken; (2) to disabuse; (3) to sober up
溶ける [とける]
(v1,vi) to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve
溶かす [とかす]
(v5s,vt) to melt; to dissolve
生きる [いきる]
(v1) to live; to exist
生かす [いかす]
(v5s) to revive; to resuscitate; to make use of
潤ける [ふやける]
(v1) (uk) to become sodden; to swell up
ふやかす
(v5s) to soak; to steep; to macerate
枯れる [かれる]
(v1) to wither; to die (plant); to be blasted (plant)
枯らす [からす]
(v5s) to let dry; to kill (vegetation) to season (lumber)
明ける [あける]
(v1) to dawn; to become daylight
明かす [あかす]
(v5s) to pass; spend; to reveal; to divulge
懲りる [こりる]
(v1) to learn by experience; to be disgusted with
懲らす [こらす]
(v5s) to chastise; to punish; to discipline
伸びる,延びる [のびる]
(v1,vi) (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted
伸ばす,延ばす [のばす]
(v5s,vt) to lengthen; to stretch; to reach out; to postpone; to prolong; to extend; to grow (beard)
慣れる [なれる]
(v1) to grow accustomed to; to become domesticated; to become tame; to get too familiar with
慣らす [ならす]
(v5s) to accustom
揺れる [ゆれる]
(v1) to shake; to sway
揺らす [ゆらす]
(v5s) to rock; to shake; to swing
切れる [きれる]
(v1) (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind
切らす [きらす]
(v5s) to be out of; to run out of; to be short of; to be out of stock
捏ねる [こねる]
(v1) to knead; to mix with fingers
熟す [こなす]
(v5s) to break to pieces; to digest; to handle easily
逃げる [にげる]
(v1) to escape; to run away
逃がす [にがす]
(v5s) to let loose; to set free; to let escape
漏れる [もれる]
(v1) to leak out; to escape; to come through; to shine through; to filter out; to be omitted
漏らす [もらす]
(v5s) to let leak; to reveal
焦げる [こげる]
(v1,vi) to burn; to be burned
焦がす [こがす]
(v5s) to burn; to scorch; to singe; to char
焦れる [じれる]
(v1) to get impatient; to become irritated; to fret; to chafe
焦らす [じらす]
(v5s) (uk) to irritate
滑れる [ずれる]
(v1) (uk) to slide; to slip off
ずらす
(v5s) to put off; to delay
暮れる [くれる]
(v1) to get dark; to end; to come to an end; to close; to run out
暮らす [くらす]
(v5s) to live; to get along
満ちる [みちる]
(v1) to be full; to rise (tide); to mature; to expire
満たす [みたす]
(v5s) (1) to fill (e.g. a cup); (2) to satisfy; to ingratiate; to fulfill
晴れる [はれる]
(v1) to be sunny; to clear away; to stop raining
晴らす [はらす]
(v5s) to dispel; to clear away; to refresh (oneself)
暈ける [ぼける]
(v1) to grow senile; to fade (colour, color)
暈す [ぼかす]
(v5s) to shade off; to obscure
負ける [まける]
(v1) to lose; to be defeated
負かす [まかす]
(v5s) to defeat
戯れる [じゃれる]
(v1) (1) to be playful; to gambol; to be amused (with something); to play; to sport; to frolic; to joke; (2) to flirt with
戯かす [じゃらかす]
(v5s) to call for jokes
震える [ふるえる]
(v1) to shiver; to shake; to quake
震わせる [ふるわせる]
(v1) to be shaking; to be trembling
遅れる [おくれる]
(v1) to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind schedule; to be overdue
遅らす [おくらす]
(v5s) to retard; to delay
溺れる [おぼれる]
(v1) to be drowned; to indulge in
溺らす [おぼらす]
(v5s) (1) to drown; (2) to cause to be indulged or addicted
荒れる [あれる]
(v1) to be stormy; to be rough; to lose one's temper
荒らす [あらす]
(v5s) (1) to lay waste; to devastate; to damage; (2) to invade; to break into
飽きる [あきる]
(v1) to get tired of; to lose interest in; to have enough
飽かす [あかす]
(v5s) to glut; to satiate; to weary; to tire; to bore; to weary
冷える [ひえる]
(v1,vi) to grow cold; to get chilly; to cool down
冷やす [ひやす]
(v5s,vt) to cool; to refrigerate
増える [ふえる]
(v1,vi) to increase; to multiply
増やす [ふやす]
(v5s,vt) to increase; to add to; to augment
癒える [いえる]
(v1) to recover; to be healed
癒す [いやす]
(v5s) to heal; to cure
費える [ついえる]
(v1) to collapse
費やす [ついやす]
(v5s) to spend; to devote; to waste
肥える [こえる]
(v1) (1) to grow fat; to grow fertile; (2) to have good taste
肥やす [こやす]
(v5s) to fertilize; to fertilise; to manure; to enrich
燃える [もえる]
(v1) to burn
燃やす [もやす]
(v5s) to burn
起きる [おきる]
(v1) (1) to get up; to rise; (2) to wake up; (3) to occur; to happen; to take place
起こる [おこる]
(v5r) to occur; to happen
起こす [おこす]
(v5s) to raise; to cause; to wake someone
落ちる [おちる]
(v1) (1) to fall down; to drop; (2) to fail (e.g. exam); (3) to crash; to degenerate; to degrade
落とす [おとす]
(v5s) to drop; to lose; to let fall
下りる [おりる]
(v1) to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain)
下ろす [おろす]
(v5s) to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge
降りる [おりる]
(v1) to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain)
降ろす [おろす]
(v5s) to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge
干る [ひる]
(v1) to dry
干す [ほす]
(v5s,vt) to air; to dry; to desiccate; to drain (off); to drink up
消える [きえる]
(v1) to go out; to vanish; to disappear
消す [けす]
(v5s) (1) to erase; to delete; (2) to turn off power; (3) to bump off (sl)
越える [こえる]
(v1) to exceed; to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to pass over (out of)
越す [こす]
(v5s) (1) to cross over (e.g. mountain); to go across; (2) to go over (e.g. with audience); (3) to pass (time, e.g. a winter); (4) to surpass; to be better than; (5) to move house
寝る [ねる]
(v1) to go to bed; to lie down; to sleep
寝かす [ねかす]
(v5s) to put to sleep; to lay (something) on its side
汚れる [けがれる]
(v1) to get dirty; to become dirty
汚す [けがす]
(v5s) (1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain
壊れる [こわれる]
(v1,vi) to be broken; to break
壊す [こわす]
(v5s,vt) to break; to break down
隠れる [かくれる]
(v1,vi) to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
隠す [かくす]
(v5s,vt) to hide; to conceal
崩れる [くずれる]
(v1) to collapse; to crumble
崩す [くずす]
(v5s) to destroy; to pull down; to make change (money)
倒れる [たおれる]
(v1,vi) to collapse; to break down; to go bankrupt; to fall; to drop; to die; to succumb to; to fall senseless; to be ruined; to have a bad debt
倒す [たおす]
(v5s,vt) to throw down; to beat; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to trip up; to defeat; to ruin; to overthrow; to kill; to leave unpaid; to cheat
離れる [はなれる]
(v1) to be separated from; to leave; to go away; to be a long way off
離す [はなす]
(v5s) to part; to divide; to separate
現れる [あらわれる]
(v1) (1) to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to come out; to embody; to materialize; to materialise; (2) to express oneself
現す [あらわす]
(v5s) to show; to indicate; to display
零れる [こぼれる]
(v1,vi) to overflow; to spill
零す [こぼす]
(v5s,vt) to spill
流れる [ながれる]
(v1) to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink); to be washed away
流す [ながす]
(v5s) to drain; to float; to shed (blood, tears); to cruise (e.g. taxi)
解れる [ほぐれる]
(v1) to come untied; to come apart
解ぐす [ほぐす]
(v5s) to unfasten
穢れる [けがれる]
(v1) to get dirty; to become dirty
穢す [けがす]
(v5s) (1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain
逃れる [のがれる]
(v1) to escape
逃す [のがす]
(v5s) to let loose; to set free; to let escape
乱れる [みだれる]
(v1) to get confused; to be disordered; to be disturbed
乱す [みだす]
(v5s) to throw out of order; to disarrange; to disturb
潰れる [つぶれる]
(v1) to be smashed; to go bankrupt
潰す [つぶす]
(v5s) to smash; to waste
乾く [かわく]
(v5k,vi) to get dry
乾かす [かわかす]
(v5s,vt) to dry (clothes, etc.); to desiccate
驚く [おどろく]
(v5k) to be surprised; to be astonished
驚かす [おどろかす]
(v5s) to surprise; to frighten; to create a stir
照る [てる]
(v5r,vi) to shine
照らす [てらす]
(v5s) to shine on; to illuminate
凝る [こる]
(v5r) to grow stiff; to be absorbed in; to be devoted to; to be a fanatic; to elaborate
凝らす [こらす]
(v5s) to concentrate; to devote; to apply; to strain; to rack
減る [へる]
(v5r,vi) to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
減らす [へらす]
(v5s,vt) to abate; to decrease; to diminish; to shorten
交う [かう]
(v5u) to take turns; to mingle together
交わす [かわす]
(v5s) to exchange (messages); to dodge; to parry; to avoid; to turn aside
飛ぶ [とぶ]
(v5b) to jump; to fly; to leap; to spring; to bound; to hop
飛ばす [とばす]
(v5s) to skip over; to omit
動く [うごく]
(v5k,vi) to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing; to operate; to run; to go; to work; to be touched; to be influenced; to waver; to fluctuate; to vary; to change; to be transferred
動かす [うごかす]
(v5s,vt) to move; to shift; to set in motion; to operate; to inspire; to rouse; to influence; to mobilize; to mobilise; to deny; to change
凝る [こごる]
(v5r) to congeal; to freeze
凝らす [こごらす]
(v5s,vt) to freeze; to congeal
燻ぶる [いぶる]
(v5r) to smoke; to smoulder; to smolder; to sputter
燻す [いぶす]
(v5s,vt) (1) to smoke (something); to fumigate; (2) to oxidize; to oxidise
転がる [ころがる]
(v5r) to roll; to tumble
転がす [ころがす]
(v5s,vt) to roll
舞う [まう]
(v5u,vi) to dance; to flutter about; to revolve
回る [まわる]
(v5r) (1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places
回す [まわす]
(v5s) to turn; to revolve
沸く [わく]
(v5k) to boil; to grow hot; to get excited; to gush forth
沸かす [わかす]
(v5s,vt) to boil; to heat
鳴る [なる]
(v5r) to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
鳴らす [ならす]
(v5s,vt) to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose)
脱ぐ [ぬぐ]
(v5g) to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress
脱がす [ぬがす]
(v5s) to strip someone; to help someone remove (clothes)
浮く [うく]
(v5k) to float; to become merry; to become loose
浮かす [うかす]
(v5s) to raise; to rise
及ぶ [およぶ]
(v5b) to reach; to come up to; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend; to match; to equal
及ぼす [およぼす]
(v5s) to exert; to cause; to exercise
遊ぶ [あそぶ]
(v5b) (1) to play; to make a visit (esp. for pleasure); (2) to be idle; to do nothing
遊ばす [あそばす]
(v5s) to let one play; to leave idle; to do (polite)
散る [ちる]
(v5r) to fall; to scatter (e.g. blossoms)
散らす [ちらす]
(v5s) to scatter; to disperse; to distribute
曇る [くもる]
(v5r) to become cloudy; to become dim
曇らす [くもらす]
(v5s) to encloud; to make dim or dull; to frown
反る [そる]
(v5r) (1) to warp; to be warped; to curve; to be curved; to be arched; (2) to bend (backward)
反らす [そらす]
(v5s,vt) to bend; to warp; to curve
尽くす [つくす]
(v5s) (1) to exhaust; to run out; (2) to devote; to serve (a person); to befriend
尽かす [つかす]
(v5s) to be disgusted with; to give up on
成る [なる]
(v5r) (uk) to become
成す [なす]
(v5s) to perform; to accomplish
通る [とおる]
(v5r) to pass (by); to go through; to walk along; to pass exams
通す [とおす]
(v5s) to let pass; to overlook; to continue; to keep; to make way for; to persist in
直る,治る [なおる]
(v5r,vi) (1) to be cured; to get well; to be healed; (2) to get mended; to be repaired; to be fixed
直す,治す [なおす]
(v5s,vt) (1) to cure; to heal; (2) to fix; to correct; to repair
返る [かえる]
(v5r) to return; to come back; to go back
返す [かえす]
(v5s,vt) to return something
帰る [かえる]
(v5r) to go back; to go home; to come home; to return
帰す,還す [かえす]
(v5s) to send back
残る [のこる]
(v5r) to remain; to be left
残す [のこす]
(v5s) to leave (behind, over); to bequeath; to save; to reserve
下る,降る [くだる]
(v5r) to get down; to descend
下す,降す [くだす]
(v5s) to lower; to let go down
来る [きたる]
(v5r) to come; to arrive; to be due to; to be next; to be forthcoming
来す [きたす]
(v5s) to cause; to induce; to bring about a result or state; to produce
浸る [ひたる]
(v5r) to be soaked in; to be flooded
浸す [ひたす]
(v5s) to soak; to dip; to drench
被る [かぶる]
(v5r) to wear; to put on (head); to pour or dash water (on oneself)
被す [かぶす]
(v5s) to cover (with something)
also 被せる [かぶせる]
散らかる [ちらかる]
(v5r) to be in disorder; to lie scattered around
散らかす [ちらかす]
(v5s) to scatter around; to leave untidy
乗る [のる]
(v5r) (1) to get on; to ride in; to board; to mount; to get up on; (2) to spread (paints); to be taken in; (3) to share in; to join; to be found in (a dictionary); to feel like doing; to be mentioned in; to be in harmony with
乗す [のす]
(v5s) to place on (something); to take on board; to give a ride to
乗せる [のせる]
(v1) to place on (something); to take on board; etc.
寄る [よる]
(v5r) to visit; to drop in; to approach
寄す [よす]
(v5s) (arch) to bring near; to put close; to let come near
足る [たる]
(v5r) to be sufficient; to be enough
足す [たす]
(v5s) (1) to add (numbers); (2) to do (e.g. one's business)
濁る [にごる]
(v5r) to become muddy; to get impure
濁す [にごす]
(v5s) to make muddy; to prevaricate
戻る [もどる]
(v5r) to turn back; to return
戻す [もどす]
(v5s) to restore; to put back; to return
借る [かる]
(v5r) to borrow; to have a loan; to hire; to rent; to buy on credit
貸す [かす]
(v5s) to lend
渡る [わたる]
(v5r) to cross over; to go across
渡す [わたす]
(v5s) to pass over; to hand over
移る [うつる]
(v5r) (1) to move (house); to transfer (department); (2) to be infected; to be contagious
移す [うつす]
(v5s) to remove; to transfer; to infect
映る [うつる]
(v5r) to be reflected; to harmonize with; to harmonise with; to come out (photo)
映す [うつす]
(v5s) to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
写る [うつる]
(v5r) to be photographed; to be projected
写す [うつす]
to film; to transcribe; to duplicate; to reproduce; to trace; to describe; to picture; to photograph; to imitate
余る [あまる]
(v5r) to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many
余す [あます]
(v5s) to save; to leave over; to spare
過ぎる [すぎる]
(v1,vi) to pass; to go beyond; to elapse; to exceed
過ごす [すごす]
(v5s,vt) to pass; to spend; to go through; to tide over
無くなる [なくなる]
(v5r) to disappear; to get lost
無くす [なくす]
(v5s) (1) to lose something; (2) to get rid of
悩む [なやむ]
(v5m) to be worried; to be troubled
悩ます [なやます]
(v5s) to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest
済む [すむ]
(v5m) to finish; to end; to be completed
済ます [すます]
(v5s) (1) to finish; to get it over with; to conclude; (2) to settle; to pay back; (3) to get along (without something)
澄む,清む [すむ]
(v5m) to clear (e.g. weather); to become transparent
澄ます,清ます [すます]
(v5s) to clear; to make clear; to be unruffled; to look unconcerned; to look demure; to look prim; to put on airs
外れる [はずれる]
(v1,vi) to be disconnected; to get out of place; to be off; to be out (e.g. of gear)
外す [はずす]
(v5s) (1) to unfasten; (2) to remove; (3) to bump off (sl)

The final table contains pairs that don't seem to fit into the above categories.

TRANSITIVEINTRANSITIVE
生む [うむ]
(v5m) to give birth; to deliver; to produce
生まれる [うまれる]
(v1) to be born
浴びせる [あびせる]
(v1) to pour on
浴びる [あびる]
(v1) to bathe; to bask in the sun; to shower
寄せる [よせる]
(v1) (1) to come near; to let someone approach; (2) to collect; to gather; to add; to put aside
寄る [よる]
(v5r) to visit; to drop in; to approach

Jim Breen
May 2005

Jim Breen's Home Page and Japanese Page.


http://nihongo.monash.edu/ti_list.html 

Saturday, 5 December 2020

ところ

「ところ」シリーズ意味例文
【N4文法】~(る)ところだ動作の直前今食べるところだ。
【N4文法】~ているところだ動作中今食べているところだ。
【N4文法】~たところだ動作の直後今食べたところだ。
【N4文法】~のところ現段階の状況「子供を持てるのは生命体だけ
ですよ。今のところは。」
【N2文法】~たところ偶然の発見枕を変えたところ、
眠りが良くなった。
【N2文法】~たところ/たところが逆接彼に聞いたところ、
彼も知らなかった。
【N2文法】~ところだった危険を回避教えてくれなかったら
また忘れるところだった。
【N2文法】~ところを動作の継続
発見と制止
タバコを吸っているところを
先生に見つかった。
【N2文法】~ていたところだ/~ところに~/~ところへ~状態の継続
状況が一変
困っていたところに、
一人の男性が駆け付けてくれた。
【N2文法】~ところを見ると推測急に逃げ出したところを見ると、
何かやましいことがあるのだろう。
【N2文法】~(る)ところまで~限界点できるところまでやろう。
【N2文法】~ところ/ところを/~ところだが普段とは異なる
特殊な状況
通常は298円のところを、
本日限り98円です。
【N1文法】~ところ/ところを依頼、謝罪、挨拶お忙しいところを申し訳ありませんが
よろしくお願いいたします。
【N1文法】~たところで頑張っても無駄
その瞬間
ご飯ができたところで
夫が帰ってきた。
【N1文法】~たら~ところだ反事実条件もし遅刻しなければ、
今頃ゆっくりお昼ご飯でも食べてるところだろう。


https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=18715

Friday, 4 September 2020

井上老師

http://ilovejp-blog.com/

have youtube and PDF and note can copy

Thursday, 30 July 2020

日文教學【動詞基本句型總複習】完整版 井上老師

日文教學【動詞基本句型總複習】完整版 井上老師



講義PDF檔 → http://ilovejp-blog.com/dousi 【井上老師|日語會話特訓班】 ➤ https://ps.yottau.net/NKVMD 【井上老師|基本語法總整理】 ➤https://www.yottau.com.tw/course/intr... 【井上老師|旅遊必懂的道地日文會話】 ➤https://www.yottau.com.tw/course/intr... 【簡介】  今天特別課程是「動詞基本句型的總複習」。課程時間大約1個多小時。不用一次看完,請參考youtube說明欄的目錄按照自己的步驟學習。每個句型都會有四個例句,讓大家好理解。如果不懂動詞變化,請參考說明欄(附以前的影片)。雖然內容有點多,但我盡量用一個小時把重要的動詞語法整理出來了。希望對大家有幫助。一起加油吧!! 井上老師 書籍:井上老師的生活日語行動教室:初級 → https://www.linkingbooks.com.tw/LNB/b... 【目錄】 <ます形> 2:00~ 1.ます形 + ませんか?/ 要不要V?(邀約) 2.ます形 + ましょう/一起V吧!!(邀約) 3.ます形 + ましょうか?/要不要幫你V? 4.ます形 + たい/想V 5.ます形 + ながら/一邊V 6.ます形 + やすい・にくい/容易(很好)V・不容易(很難)V 7.ます形 + 飽きる/V膩 8.ます形 + 始める・終わる/開始V・V完 9.ます形 + 心地がいい・心地が悪い/V起來舒服・V起來不舒服 <て形> 18:52~ て形の変化 → https://youtu.be/ysS_xcrKcuE 1.て形 + ください/請你V 2.て形 + います/正在V 3.て形 + もいいですか?/可不可以V?(許可) 4.て形 + はいけません/不可以V(禁止) 5.て形 + から/V之後 6.まだ + て形 + 否定/還沒V 7.て形 + しまいます/完了・不小心・遺憾 8.て形 + ほしい/希望你V <ない形> 33:09~ ない形の変化 →https://youtu.be/c_qJmvTGXcQ 1.ない形 + でください/請你不要V 2.ない形 + なければなりません/必須要V 3.ない形 + なくてもいいです/不用V <辞書形> 39:31~ 辞書形の変化 → https://youtu.be/YU4w9ERvjWM 1.辞書形 + ことができます/會V 2.辞書形 + ことです/V(名詞句) 3.辞書形 + と~/V就會~ <た形> 45:30~ た形の変化 → https://youtu.be/5LXsnc2XCE4 1.た形 + ことがあります/V過 2.た形り + た形り+ します/V啊 V啊 等等 <意向形> 50:14~ 意向形の変化 → https://youtu.be/eacz4WnSEUM 1.意向形/V吧(邀約)=ましょう 2.意向形 + としたら/正要V,就~ 3.意向形 + かな?/我要V甚麼好呢? <可能動詞> 55:01~ 可能動詞の変化 → https://youtu.be/A-v48fh4TEA 1.可能動詞/會V <受身動詞> 56:47~ 受身動詞の変化 → https://youtu.be/4aKNMGOL-YU 1.受身動詞/被V <使役動詞> 58:22~ 使役動詞の変化 → https://youtu.be/MR1j6Kwfpjs 使役動詞の詳しい説明→ https://youtu.be/cdV5yAuSHsA 1.使役動詞/讓人V <使役被動動詞> 1:00:15~ 使役被動動詞の変化 → https://youtu.be/uOs7Fxm1tVk 使役被動動詞の詳しい説明→https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbRj9... 1.使役被動動詞/我被~逼做V <假定形> 1:02:41~ 假定形の変化 → https://youtu.be/gW5VYbRxEdw 1.假定形/如果V的話~ <命令形> 1:04:26~ 命令形の変化 → https://youtu.be/NCBqRDoDEVI 1.命令形/你給我V <禁止形> 1:05:44~ 禁止形の変化 → https://youtu.be/f3qet8oKX94 1.禁止形/不准V